The Tale of Li Wa is a short novella by Bai Xingjian. Song Geng, author of The Fragile Scholar: Power and Masculinity in Chinese Culture, wrote that this was one of three Tang Dynasty works that were "particularly influential in the development of the caizi-jiaren model". There is a poem by Yuan Zhen, "The Ballad of Li Wa," that is a companion to the novel. It was translated into English by Arthur Waley, who used the title The Story ofMiss Li and included it on pages 113-36 in the collection More Translations from the Chinese, which was published in 1919 by Alfred A. Knopf. It was also translated into English by Glen Dudbridge, who used the title The Tale of Li Wa: Study and Critical Edition of a Chinese Story from the Ninth Century. This version was published in 1983 by Ithaca Press. The story was also translated in Wang Chi-chen, Traditional Chinese Tales , pp. 61–74. Linda Rui Feng of the University of Toronto wrote that the novel features the "unpredictability and unintelligibility" of Chang'an and a conflict between "career accomplishment" and "youthful transgressions".
Development
There is a debate over two possibilities of how the story evolved. One group believes that in 795 three friends told the story amongst one another. Another position states that a professional storyteller had performed in front of Bai Xingjian and Bai Juyi, and Yuan Zhen, and that Bai Xingjian obtained the story from the storyteller. One author, Tatsuhiko Seo, believes that the story comes from a storyteller.
Plot
The story involves a tribute student, Zheng, trying to get the affections of Li Wa, a female prostitute in Chang'an. The protagonist spends his money on Li Wa and neglects his studying for the imperial examinations. He lives with Li Wa for two years and spends all of his money, which is ultimately exhausted. Li Wa is not the only aspect obstructing Student Zheng from his studies. There are portions of the story that, as written by Feng, are "devoted to a world without her, in fact, takes on an impetus and logic all of its own." After Zheng can no longer pay the prostitution costs, Li Wa abandons him, as does her madam. Student Zheng begins working at a funeral parlor as a dirge singer and at one point is the winner of a singing competition. The student's father discovers him while visiting Chang'an and severely beats him, as he is upset that his son is in this condition. The father leaves the son for dead, disowning him. Later Li Wa encounters the protagonist, who is now a beggar. She helps him recover his health, reconcile with his father, and study for the examinations. The father exclaims that he and his son are "father and son as before" when they reconcile. Student Zheng remains devoted to Li Wa and the two marry.
Characters
Zheng - A tribute student, Zheng is trying to get the affections of Li Wa. In the original story Student Zheng is only known by his family name and his hometown, Xingyang, Henan. In the related plays the male is given a full name, Zheng Yuanhe. At the time he arrives in Chang'an he is 20 years old, the age of adulthood.
Li Wa is a female prostitute in Chang'an. She is the title character.
*In the essay "The Background and Status of Li Wa" Dudbridge argued that she "holds up the standard of morality to those who should be her moral superiors" as she changes into a "maternal authority" from a courtesan, and Nienhauser stated that she "prepares Mr. Zheng for his own transformation". In the same section Dudbridge compares her to youwu.
Analysis
S-C Kevin Tsai of Princeton University wrote that in critical literature usually reach "conclusions that do not depart far from the conventional, May-Fourth-derived reading of the story as resistance against oppression" and that "The majority of Chinese literary criticism focusing on gender in the "Tale of Li Wa" generally does not depart far from this conclusion". In Tanren Chuanqi, a book published in Taipei in 1990 by Sanmin shuju, Wu Zhida stated that The Tale of Li Wa is "a victory song against the aristocratic marriage institution." Glen Dudbridge's monographThe Tale of Li Wa, Study and Critical Edition of a Chinese Story from the Ninth Century includes annotations to provide understanding for Western readers. He wrote an article named "A Second Look at Li Wa zhuan" defending his method of providing annotations. Some scholars who study the culture of the Tang Dynasty perceive the story as, in the words of Tsai, "a relatively straightforward storehouse of social data; for instance, some study the tale for the detailed descriptions of capital city life in the tale." Scholars focusing on the philology include Bian Xiaoxuan, Dai Wangshu, Wang Meng'ou, Zhang Zhenglang, and Zhou Shaoliang. Nienhauser stated that Wang Meng'ou's Tangren xiaoshuo jiaoshi is the best modern annotation of "Li Wa zhuan"" and that "Dudbridge's resonances are often measured against" Tangren xiaoshuo jiaoshi. Bian Xiaoxuan and Liu Kairong believe the work is a roman à clef. Accordingly, they attempted to figure out what the allegory and the identity of the basis of Student Zheng.
Audiences
Nienhauser wrote that "While the exact constituency of cannot be determined, Bo Xingjian clearly targeted those members of the Tang elite who were themselves active in literature, men who obviously could recognize even the most erudite allusion." Nienhauser explained that "the inner audience-perhaps the primary audience" of the story consisted of men taking the Tang Dynasty imperial examinations. As of 2007, modern audiences include Chinese readers and Western sinologists. The latter, according to Nienhauser, are "aided by various databases that may allow over-reading of resonances. " He added that "The modern Chinese audience shares this potential."
Legacy
There have been dramas made based on "The Tale of Li Wa." There is a farce, A Noontime Dream in the Garden Grove, which portrays a dispute between Li Wa and Oriole, the female protagonist of The Story of the Western Wing.
